Case Studies/References
United States Patent 6630507: Cannabinoids as Antioxidants and Neuroprotectants
According to abstract of US Patent 6,630,507 - The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and Human Services are the assignees of this patent. It cites research dating back to 1952 and states as follows:
"Cannabinoids have been found to have antioxidant properties, unrelated to NMDA receptor antagonism. This new found property makes cannabinoids useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of wide variety of oxidation associated diseases, such as ischemic, age-related, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The cannabinoids are found to have particular application as neuroprotectants, for example in limiting neurological damage following ischemic insults, such as stroke and trauma, or in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and HIV dementia. Nonpsychoactive cannabinoids, such as cannabidoil, are particularly advantageous to use because they avoid toxicity that is encountered with psychoactive cannabinoids at high doses useful in the method of the present invention."
"Cannabinoids have been found to have antioxidant properties, unrelated to NMDA receptor antagonism. This new found property makes cannabinoids useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of wide variety of oxidation associated diseases, such as ischemic, age-related, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The cannabinoids are found to have particular application as neuroprotectants, for example in limiting neurological damage following ischemic insults, such as stroke and trauma, or in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and HIV dementia. Nonpsychoactive cannabinoids, such as cannabidoil, are particularly advantageous to use because they avoid toxicity that is encountered with psychoactive cannabinoids at high doses useful in the method of the present invention."
- Hampson, et al. "Cannabinoids as antioxidants and neuroprotectants " United States Patent 6,630,507 (2003)
NEW!
January 2017: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
"In one of the most comprehensive studies of recent research on the health effects of recreational and therapeutic cannabis use, a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine offers a rigorous review of relevant scientific research published since 1999. This report summarizes the current state of evidence regarding what is known about the health impacts of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including effects related to therapeutic uses of cannabis and potential health risks related to certain cancers, diseases, mental health disorders, and injuries."
The full publication can be read here.
Opioids: Journal of the American Medical Association (2014)
"Medical cannabis laws are associated with significantly lower state-level opioid overdose mortality rates. Opioid analgesic overdose mortality continues to rise in the United States, driven by increases in prescribing for chronic pain. Because chronic pain is a major indication for medical cannabis, laws that establish access to medical cannabis may change overdose mortality related to opioid analgesics in states that have enacted them."
- Bachhuber, Marcus, et al. "Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Analgesic Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1999-2010" JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(10):1668-1673.
ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease)
- Kaufman, Jacob, et al. "Medical Marijuana Utilization and Perceived Therapeutic Value in Patients with ALS" Neurology April 8, 2014 vol. 82 no. 10 Supplement P3.014
Autism
US National Library of Medicine - National Institute of Health:
- Siniscalco, Dario, et al. “Cannabinoid receptor type 2, but not type 1, is upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children affected by autistic disorders.” Journal of autism and developmental disorders 43.11 (2013): 26862695.
- Karhson, DS, et al. "Endocannabinoid signaling in social functioning: an RDoC perspective." Translational Psychiatry 6.9 (2016): e905.
- Bhismadev, Chakrabarti, et al ."Endocannabinoid Signaling in Autism." Neurotherapeutics 12.4 (2015): 837847.
- Chakrabarti, Bhismadev, and Simon Baron-Cohen. “Variation in the human Cannabinoid Receptor (CNR1) gene modulates gaze duration for happy faces.” Molecular autism 2.1 (2011): 10.
- Kerr, Downey, Conboy, Finn, Roche. "Alterations in the endocannabinoid system in the rat valproic acid model of autism." Behavioural Brain Research Journal. 2013 Jul 15;249:124-32. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.043. Epub 2013 May 1.
- Foldy, Malenka, Sudhof. "Autism-associated neurologin-3 mutations commonly disrput tonic endocannabinoid signaling." Neuron. 2013 May 8;78(3):498-509. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.02.036. Epub 2013 Apr 11.
- Siniscalco D (2014) "Endocannabinoid System as Novel Therapeutic Target for Autism Treatment" Autism Open Access 4:e122. doi:10.4172/2165-7890.1000e122
Bi-Polar Disorder
- Grinspoon, L, et al. "The use of cannabis as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder: anecdotal evidence and the need for clinical research." J Psychoactive Drugs. 1998 Apr-Jun;30(2):171-7.
- Braga, Raphael, et al. "Cognitive and clinical outcomes associated with cannabis use in patients with bipolar I disorder" Psychiatry Research. 2012. Volume 200, Issues 2-3, Pages 242-245
Cancer
Cancer Related Pain, Nausea, Vomiting:
Brain Cancer:
Breast Cancer:
Lung Cancer:
Oral Cancer:
Pancreatic Cancer:
- Johnson, Jeremy R. et al. "Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of THC:CBD Extract and THC Extract in Patients with Intractable Cancer-Related Pain." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 2010. Vol. 39, Issue 2 , 167-179.
- Duran, M. et al "Preliminary efficacy and safety of an oromucosal standardized cannabis extract in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting." Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Nov;70(5):656-63
- Velasco, Guzman, et al "Anticancer mechanisms of cannabinoids" Curr Oncol. 2016 Mar;23(2):S23-32
- Doblin, RE, et al "Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: a survey of oncologists' experiences and attitudes." J Clin Oncol. 1991 Jul;9(7):1314-9
Brain Cancer:
- Guzmán1, M. et al "A pilot clinical study of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme" British Journal of Cancer 95.197203 (2006):101038
- Van der Stelt, M. et al "Neuroprotection by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, the Main Active Compound in Marijuana, against Ouabain-Induced In Vivo Excitotoxicity" Journal of Neuroscience 21.17 (2001) 6475-6479
- Massi, Paola. et al "Antitumor Effects of Cannabidiol, a Nonpsychoactive Cannabinoid, on Human Glioma Cell Lines" Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics March 2004, 308 (3) 838-845
Breast Cancer:
- McAllister, SD. et al "Pathways mediating the effects of cannabidiol on the reduction of breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis." Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012 May;133(1):401-4.
- Ligresti, Alessia. et al "Anti-tumor activity of plant cannabinoids with emphasis on the effect of cannabidiol on human breast carcinoma" Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics May 25, 2006
- Caffarel, Maria. et al "Cannabinoids reduce ErbB2-driven breas cancer progression through Akt inhibition" Mol Cancer. 2010; 9: 196. (2010) 10.1186/1476-4598-9-196
- Petrocellis, Luciano de. et al "The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 8375–8380 (1998)
Lung Cancer:
- Preet, A. et al "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol inhibits epithelial growth factor-induced lung cancer cell migration in vitro as well as its growth and metastasis in vivo" Oncogene (2008) 27, 339–346; doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210641; published online 9 July 2007
- Ramer, R. et al "Cannabidiol inhibits lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis via intercellular adhesion molecule-1." FASEB J. 2012 Apr;26(4):1535-48. doi: 10.1096/fj.11-198184. Epub 2011 Dec 23.
- Petrocellis, De. et al "Non-THC cannabinoids inhibit prostate carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo: pro-apoptotic effects and underlying mechanisms." Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Jan;168(1):79-102. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02027.x.
- Mimeault, M. et al "Anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of anandamide in human prostatic cancer cell lines: implication of epidermal growth factor receptor down-regulation and ceramide production." Prostate. 2003 Jun 15;56(1):1-12.
- Ramos, Juan. et al "The role of cannabinoids in prostate cancer: Basic science perspective and potential clinical applications." Indian J Urol. 2012 Jan-Mar; 28(1): 9–14.
doi: 10.4103/0970-1591.94942 - Petrocellis, Luciano de. et al "Non-THC cannabinoids inhibit prostate carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo: pro-apoptotic effects and underlying mechanisms". Br J Pharmacol. 2013 Jan;168(1):79-102. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02027.x.
- Gustafsson, Kristin. et al "Cannabinoid Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis Induced by R(+)-Methanandamide and Win55,212-2 Is Associated with Ceramide Accumulation and p38 Activation in Mantle Cell Lymphoma" Molecular Pharmacology November 2006, 70 (5) 1612-1620; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.106.025981
- Gustafsson, Kristin. et al "Expression of cannabinoid receptors type 1 and type 2 in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Growth inhibition by receptor activation" International Journal of Cancer. (2008) 10.1002/ijc.23584
- Jia, W et al "Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia T cells is regulated by translocation of Bad to mitochondria." Mol Cancer Res. 2006 Aug;4(8):549-62.
Oral Cancer:
- Whyte, DA. et al "Cannabinoids inhibit cellular respiration of human oral cancer cells." Pharmacology. 2010;85(6):328-35. doi: 10.1159/000312686. Epub 2010 Jun 2.
- Vara D. et al "Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy." Cell Death Differ. 2011 Jul;18(7):1099-111. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2011.32. Epub 2011 Apr 8.
Pancreatic Cancer:
- Carracedo, Arkaitz. et al "Cannabinoids Induce Apoptosis of Pancreatic Tumor Cells via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Related Genes" American Association for Cancer Research 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0169 Published 1 July 2006
Chronic Pain, Bladder Control, Muscle Spasms, Spasticity
- Wade, DT, et al "A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms" Clin Rehabil. 2003 Feb;17(1):21-9.
- Ellis, Ronald, et al "Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial." Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Feb;34(3):672-80
- Webb, Charles, et al "Therapeutic Benefits of Cannabis: A Patient Survey" Hawaii J Med Public Health. 2014 Apr; 73(4): 109–111.
- Wilsey, Barth, et al "Low-Dose Vaporized Cannabis Significantly Improves Neuropathic Pain" The Journal of Pain, Volume 14, Issue 10, October 2013, Pages 1250-1251
- Ware, Mark. et al "Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial" CMAJ October 5, 2010 vol. 182 no. 14 First published August 30, 2010
- Wilsey, Barth. et al "A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial of Cannabis Cigarettes in Neuropathic Pain" The Journal of Pain Volume 9, Issue 6, June 2008, Pages 506–521
- Berman, Jonathan. et al "Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial" Pain Volume 112, Issue 3, December 2004, Pages 299–306
- Ware, Mark. et al "Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey" Pain Volume 102, Issues 1–2, March 2003, Pages 211–216
Crohn's Disease
- Naftali, T, et al "Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn's disease: a prospective placebo-controlled study." Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013 Oct;11(10):1276-1280.e1
Epilepsy
The Epilepsy Foundation's statement via their website is as follows:
You can read the full text here:
http://www.epilepsy.com/article/2014/2/epilepsy-foundation-calls-increased-medical-marijuana-access-and-research
- "The Epilepsy Foundation supports the rights of patients and families living with seizures and epilepsy to access physician directed care, including medical marijuana."
- "The Epilepsy Foundation calls for an end to Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) restrictions that limit clinical trials and research into medical marijuana for epilepsy."
- "The Epilepsy Foundation believes that an end to seizures should not be determined by one’s zip code."
You can read the full text here:
http://www.epilepsy.com/article/2014/2/epilepsy-foundation-calls-increased-medical-marijuana-access-and-research
•••
The American Epilepsy Society's statement via their website is as follows:
"The Board of Directors of the American Epilepsy Society urges the DEA to change the current Schedule I classification of marijuana as soon as possible to enable epilepsy researchers to do the research necessary to determine the safety and efficacy of marijuana and its derivatives as a treatment for epilepsy in a timely manner."
You can read the full text here:
https://www.aesnet.org/sites/default/files/file_attach/Home/DEA%20letter%20v3.pdf
"The Board of Directors of the American Epilepsy Society urges the DEA to change the current Schedule I classification of marijuana as soon as possible to enable epilepsy researchers to do the research necessary to determine the safety and efficacy of marijuana and its derivatives as a treatment for epilepsy in a timely manner."
You can read the full text here:
https://www.aesnet.org/sites/default/files/file_attach/Home/DEA%20letter%20v3.pdf
•••
- Porter, BE, et al. "Report of a parent survey of cannabidiol-enriched cannabis use in pediatric treatment-resistant epilepsy." Epilepsy Behav. 2013 Dec;29(3):574-7.
- Cunha, et al. “Chronic Administration of Cannabidiol to Healthy Volunteers and Epileptic Patients." Pharmacology,21:175-185 (1980).
- Turkanis, et al. “Electrophysiologic Properties of the Cannabinoids,” Pharmacology.,21:449S-463S (1981).
- Carlini, et al. "Hypnotic and Antielpileptic Effect of Cannabidiol,” Pharmacology.,21:417S-427S (1981).
- Karler, et al. "The Cannabinoids as Potential Antiepileptics" Pharmacology.,21:437S-448S (1981).
- Consroe, et al. " Antiepileptic Potential of CannabidiolAnalgos". Pharmacology.,21:428S-436S (1981).
- Consroe, et al "Cannabidiol--antiepileptic drug comparisons and interactions inexperimentally induced seizures in rats." Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (1):26-32 (1977)
Glaucoma
- Tomida, Ileana, et al. "Effect of Sublingual Application of Cannabinoids on Intraocular Pressure: A Pilot Study" Journal of Glaucoma: October 2006 - Volume 15 - Issue 5 - pp 349-353
HIV/AIDS
- Ellis, Ronald, et al "Smoked medicinal cannabis for neuropathic pain in HIV: a randomized, crossover clinical trial." Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Feb;34(3):672-80
- Haney, M, et al "Dronabinol and marijuana in HIV-positive marijuana smokers. Caloric intake, mood, and sleep." J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007 Aug 15;45(5):545-54.
- Abrams, D.I., et al "Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy - A randomized placebo-controlled trial" Neurology February 13, 2007 vol. 68 no. 7 515-521
- Abrams, Donald, et al "Cannabis for Treatment of HIV-Related Peripheral Neuropathy" Journal of the International Association for Cannabis as Medicine:
- Abrams, D.I., et al "Short-Term Effects of Cannabinoids in Patients with HIV-1 Infection: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial" Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(4):258-266.
Multiple Sclerosis
The National MS Society " supports the rights of people with MS to work with their MS health care providers to access marijuana for medical purposes in accordance with legal regulations in those states where such use has been approved." Please read the full statement on the National Multiple Sclerosis Society's website.
- Baker, D, et al. "Cannabinoid control of neuroinflammation related to multiple sclerosis." British Journal of Pharmacology 152.5 (2007) 64954
- Brady, C. M., et al. "An open-label pilot study of cannabis-based extracts for bladder dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis". Mult Scler. 2004 Aug;10(4):425-33.
- Collin C. et al. "Randomized controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis." Eur J Neurol. 2007 Mar. 14(3):290-6.
- Consroe, P. et al. "The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis". Eur Neurol. 1997;38(1):44-8.
- Corey-Bloom, Jody, et al. "Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial." CMAJ July 10, 2012 184:1143-1150; published ahead of print May 14, 2012, doi:10.1503/cmaj.110837.
- Flachenecker P., Henze T., Zettl U. K. "Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Nabiximols (Tetrahydrocannabinol/Cannabidiol Oromucosal Spray) in Clinical Practice." Eur Neurol 2014;72:95-102.
- Vaney C., et al. "Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study." Mult Scler. 2004 Aug. 10(4):417-24.
- Wade, D.T. "Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients." Mult Scler. 2004 Aug. 10(4):434-41.
- Whittle, B.A., et al. "Prospects for New Cannabis-Based Prescription Medicines". J Cannabis Ther 2001(3/4):133-152.
- Zajicek, John Peter, et al. "Multiple Sclerosis and Extract of Cannabis: Results of the MUSEC Trial." J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83:11 1125-1132 Published Online First: 12 July 2012
- McCabe, Mary, et al "Efficacy of tetrahydrocannabinol in patients refractory to standard antiemetic therapy" Investigational New Drugs September 1988, Volume 6, Issue 3, pp 243–246
Nausea
- Soderpalm, Anna, et al. "Antiemetic efficacy of smoked marijuana: Subjective and behavioral effects on nausea induced by syrup of ipecac" Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. Volume 69, Issues 3–4, 8 July 2001, Pages 343–350
Parkinson's Disease
- Lotan, Itay. et al "Cannabis (medical marijuana) treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease: an open-label observational study." Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014 Mar-Apr;37(2):41-4
- Venderova, K. et al "Survey on cannabis use in Parkinson's disease: Subjective improvement of motor symptoms" Volume 19, Issue 9 September 2004 Pages 1102–1106
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
" Preliminary studies in humans also suggest that treatment with cannabinoids may decrease PTSD symptoms including sleep quality, frequency of nightmares, and hyperarousal. "
- Mizrachi, Zer Aviv, et al. "Cannabinoids and post-traumatic stress disorder: clinical and preclinical evidence for treatment and prevention." Behav Pharmacol. 2016 Oct;27(7):561-9
- Krumm, BA, et al. "Cannabis for post-traumatic stress disorder: A neurobiological approach to treatment." Nurse Pract. 2016 Jan 16;41(1):50-4
- Greer, Gr. et al "PTSD symptom reports of patients evaluated for the New Mexico Medical Cannabis Program." J Psychoactive Drugs. 2014 Jan-Mar;46(1):73-7.
Sleep
- Nicholson, Turner, Stone, Robson. "Effect of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on nocturnal sleep and early-morning behavior in young adults." J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Jun;24(3):305-13.
- Pava, Makriyannis, Lovinger. "Endocannabinoid Signaling Regulates Sleep Stability." PLoS One. 2016 Mar 31;11(3):e0152473. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152473. eCollection 2016.
Tourette's Syndrome
- Hasan, Rothenberger, Munchau, Wobrock, Falkai, Roessner. "Oral delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol improved refractory Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in an adolescent by increasing intracortical inhibition: a case report." J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010 Apr;30(2):190-2. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3181d236ec.
- Brunnauer, Segmiller, Volkamer, Laux, Muller, Dehning. "Cannabinoids improve driving ability in a Tourette's patient." Psychiatry Res. 2011 Dec 30;190(2-3):382. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.05.033. Epub 2011 Jun 12.
- Curtis, Clark, Rickards. "Cannabinoids for Tourette's Syndrome" 7 OCT 2009 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006565.pub
- Muller-Vahl, Kolbe, Schneider, Emrich. "Cannabinoids: possible role in patho-physiology and therapy of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome." Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998 Dec;98(6):502-6.
- Muller-Vahl, Prevedel, Theloe, Kolbe, Emrich, Schneider. "Treatment of Tourette syndrome with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC)" Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Feb;28(2):384-8.
- Muller-Vahl, Schneider, Koblenz, Jobges, Kolbe, Daldrup, Emrich. "Treatment of Tourette-Syndrome with ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial." Pharmacopsychiatry. 2002 Mar;35(2):57-61.
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